Comisión Europea
La Comisión lleva impulsando políticas y medidas relacionadas con el acceso abierto desde 2006. En el 2007 se presentó a la Comisión Europea una petición para que se garantizase el acceso gratuito a los resultados de investiga. La Comisión empezó a impulsar políticas y medidas relacionadas con el acceso abierto en el año 2006. Entre los documentos clave que dieron inicio a los primeros mandatos a favor del acceso abierto a resultados de investigación dentro de las instituciones europeas destacan la Comunicación de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo y al Comité Económico y Social Europeo sobre la información científica en la era digital: acceso, difusión y preservación y las Conclusiones del Consejo en 2007. Desde entonces, la política europea de acceso abierto se ha plasmado en los sucesivos Programas Marco, la principal iniciativa comunitaria de fomento y apoyo a la I+D+I en la Unión Europea.
Horizonte Europa es el nuevo programa de investigación e innovación para el periodo 2021-2027 el cual refuerza el apoyo a la ciencia abierta a través del artículo 17 sobre Communication, dissemination, open science and visibility del anexo 5 del acuerdo de financiación (Grant Agreement), el cual establece lo siguiente:
Peer-reviewed scientific publications:
-
Immediate openaccess through trusted repository (at the latest at the time of publication).
-
Publications licensed under CC BY (or equivalent); CC BY-NC/ND (or equivalent) allowed for long-text format.
-
Information provided via the repository about any research output, tool, or instrument needed to validate the conclusion of a publication.
-
Beneficiaries/authors must retain sufficient IPR to comply with their OA requirements.
-
Metadata licensed under CC0 or equivalent, in line with FAIR principles (particularly machine-actionable); PIDs (Publications, authors, if possible, their organizations and the grant).
-
Only publications fees (if any) in full open access venues for peer-reviewed scientific publications are eligible for reimbursement.
Research Data Management (RDM):
-
Emphasis shifts from open research data to RDM.
-
No opting out of RDM. Projects generating research data MUST manage their data responsibility and in line with FAIR principles.
-
Open access to research data `as open as possible as closed as necessary¨, i.e. there can be exceptions to open access to research data.
-
Establish and regularly update a Data Management Plan.
-
Deposit data in a trusted repository and provide open Access thought it
-
Deposit and open access ASAP and per DMP
-
For some actions, additional obligation to deposit in a repository that is federated under EOSC
-
-
CC BY or CC 0 (or equivalent) license required to open data
-
Exceptions to open access (duly justified in the DMP, legitimate interest or constraints)
-
Information via the repository about other research output or any other tools and instruments needed to re-use or validate the data
-
Metadata requirements same as for publications (i.e. CC0 and PIDs)
-
Cost for RDM (for example data storage, processing and preventions) are eligible.
Open Science: access for validation
-
Obligatory provision of physical or digital access to data or other results needed for validation of conclusions scientific publications
-
Legitimate interest/ concerns must still be safeguarded
Open Science in case of public emergencies
-
If imposed by the WP, if requested by the granting authority
-
Requirement for immediate open access with CC BY or CC0 or equivalent license to any research output
-
With exceptions: legitimate interests
-
Then must give non-exclusive license on FAIR and reasonable conditions to entities that need the research output to address the public emergency and commit to exploit the results rapidly and broadly.
-
En el Programa Horizonte 2020 (2014 - 2020) se reforzó el mandato de depósito en acceso abierto y se extendió a los datos de investigación. En el artículo 29.2 Open access to scientific publications del Grant Agreement, se establece lo siguiente:
Each beneficiary must ensure open access (free of charge, online access for any user) to all peer-reviewed scientific publications relating to its results.
In particular, it must:
(a) as soon as possible and at the latest on publication, deposit a machine-readable electronic copy of the published version or final peer-reviewed manuscript accepted for publication in a repository for scientific publications.
Moreover, the beneficiary must aim to deposit at the same time the research data needed to validate the results presented in the deposited scientific publications.
(b) ensure open access to the deposited publication —via the repository —at the latest:
(i) on publication, if an electronic version is available for free via the publisher, or
(ii) within six months of publication (twelve months for publications in the social sciences and humanities) in any other case.
(c)ensure open access —via the repository —to the bibliographic metadata that identify the deposited publication.
The bibliographic metadata must be in a standard format and must include all of the following:
- the terms ["European Union (EU)" and "Horizon 2020"]["Euratom" and Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018’];
- the name of the action, acronym and grant number;
-the publication date, and length of embargo period if applicable, and
- a persistent identifier
La Comisión Europea establece que se puede proporcionar acceso abierto bien a través de un repositorio de acceso abierto, o bien publicando en una revista de acceso abierto. En ambos casos se deben depositar sus publicaciones en un repositorio.
Respecto a los datos de investigación, el artículo 29.3 Open access to research data establece lo siguiente:
The beneficiaries must:
(a)deposit in a research data repository and take measures to make it possible for third parties to access, mine, exploit, reproduce and disseminate —free of charge for any user —the following:
(i)the data, including associated metadata, needed to validate the results presented in scientific publications as soon as possible;
(ii)other data, including associated metadata, as specified and within the deadlines laid down in the ‘data management plan’;
(b)provide information —via the repository —about tools and instruments at the disposal of the beneficiaries and necessary for validating the results (and —where possible —provide the tools and instruments themselves).
En el Séptimo Programa Marco de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (7PM) (2007 - 2013) todos los proyectos financiados de las áreas de Energía, Medio Ambiente (incluyendo Cambio Climático), Sanidad, Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (Sistemas Cognitivos, Interacción, Robótica), Infraestructuras de Investigación (e-Infraestructuras), Ciencia en Sociedad, Ciencias Socioeconómicas y Humanidades, cuyo acuerdo de financiación fue firmado con posterioridad a agosto de 2008, contenía la llamada Cláusula Especial 39. Esta cláusula obligaba a los investigadores participantes en estos proyectos a realizar “el mayor de sus esfuerzos” por publicar en un repositorio de acceso abierto el resultado de sus investigaciones.